RURAL TOURISM

       Rural tourism involves travelers visiting destinations that are away from major metropolitan areas and heavily developed tourist resorts and locations. In many instances, rural tourism involves travelers visiting small communities and experiencing elements of traditional life in those communities. Rural tourism can overlap with ecotourism, which involves travelers embarking on environmentally friendly tours to lakes, forests, jungles and other natural environments that have not yet been developed for large scale commercial tourism.

        

        Rural tourism has long been considered a means of achieving economic and social development and regeneration. More specifically, it has been widely promoted as an effective source of income and employment, particularly in peripheral rural areas where traditional agrarian industries have declined.

      

        This paper estimates the causal relationships between energy consumption and income for India, Indonesia, the Philippines and Thailand, using cointegration and error-correction modelling techniques. The results indicate that, in the short-run, unidirectional Granger causality runs from energy to income for India and Indonesia, while bidirectional Granger causality runs from energy to income for Thailand and the Philippines. 

        Increasingly, researchers from a variety of business disciplines are finding that trust can lower transaction costs, facilitate inter-organizational relationships, and enhance manager-subordinate relationships.